What is the result of frictional, engine, and induction charging?

Frictional, engine, and induction charging are all processes that contribute to the buildup of static electricity. When two surfaces come into contact and then separate, or when particles in motion interact with one another, they can transfer electrons and create an imbalance of electric charge. This static electrification process can accumulate on aircraft surfaces, especially during flight or while rolling on the ground.

Static electrification can lead to various challenges in avionics systems since it can potentially interfere with electronic equipment by causing noise or erroneous signals. Understanding this process is crucial for aviation maintenance personnel to implement effective corrosion control measures and ensure the proper functioning of avionic systems.

The other options, such as voltage spikes, thermal expansion, and magnetic interference, primarily pertain to different electrical phenomena or mechanical effects that do not directly arise from the basic principles of charging associated with friction, engine, and induction processes.